Why Are Ethics Important in the Field of Accounting Research Paper

Why Are Ethics Important in the Field of Accounting - Research Paper Example Ethics have a very serious bond with legality as sometimes mortality differs as it lacks certainty. If fulfilling and implementing a legal thing might turn to be unethical in behavior, as each individual perceives morality differently (Souster, 2011). The right and the wrong is determine by the proximity of application of laws and moral values of the society and thus it becomes important to not only enforce ethics in professional capacity but also to safeguard the sanctity of the independence of the professions like medicine, law, military and even accountancy. The unethical behavior and lack of confidentiality in accounting profession and services will terminate the independence and integrity of the accountants, organizations and even the public at large. The ethical dilemmas especially the grey areas which need to be assessed by the accountants for the organization as well as the services they provide through firms which enables them to not jeopardize their professional values over the familiarity with the client or not doing their job with professional due care (AICPA, 1998). Ethical Approaches and Behavior The ethical approaches are notable by Absolutism or dogmatism, which highlights the importance of believing in universally accepted codes of conducts. The right is certain and accepted in every corner of hemisphere e.g. to murder a person is wrong and to tell the truth is always right which leads to the ethical behavior of deontological approach. Another ethical approach divulges Relativism or pragmatism that argues over the circumstances or consequences that if to murder is justice and to tell a lie for a notable cause than it is ethically right (Souster, 2011). Ethical code of conduct is label by proximity of duties and responsibilities of the professional accountants in the organizations. The ethical behavior is express in relative consequential approach that is term as teleological, derived from a Greek word ‘telos,’ which means ‘th e end’. The action is right if the resultant of those actions is acceptable depending upon the ethical stances. The ethical stance of Utilitarian depicts that the action is deem right if it benefit the majority in large. This might rapture the considerations of the minorities’ ethical morals but here pluralists views to account for actions that benefits both the majority and minority. Lastly, egoistic stances favor only the action that is right for them being a selfish approach to ethical morals. The ethical approaches by consequential and role based leads to different ethical norms and decision by the organization. The personal capacity and the professional life has a strong connection in consequential approach and is deemed to be right or wrong if one goes wrong or right (Souster, 2011). Code of Ethics in Professional Accountancy Ethical standards and codes of conduct are mandatory in practicing accountancy as this profession has a wide range of services from statuto ry audit, taxation, financial services etc that needs specialized skills and knowledge to encounter the international standards of accounting and finance. The ethical code of conduct are define by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and other professional bodies such as ACCA, CA on Integrity, Objectivity, Confidentiality, Professional behavior and Professional competence and due care. Integrity is steadfast and transparency is voluntary for accountants in their business and professional relationship. Objectivity and biasness should not arise due to any familiarity or personal issues conflicting with the professional judgment. If the accountant is being over familiar

Will Genderless Fashion Change Retail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Will Genderless Fashion Change Retail - Essay Example Additionally, gender fashion is becoming the norm in many fashion centres. Many people in the fashion industry are wondering whether the genderless mode of fashion will apply in the retail industry. Some, however, are quite confident that people will do away with gender codes that have been considered for many years. For example, some women go for Givenchy men’s collection. On the other hand, men have been found eyeing and buying brands for women such as the Celine. Traditional demographic segments such as location, age and gender no longer applies in the fashion industry. The fact is that many people are creating their brands that are not dictated by traditional demographics noted earlier. For example, it has been noted that close to 30% of menswear are genderless. However, research shows that women, many of them, go for men’s clothes. Despite the move by both sexes to any store regardless of their gender, there is a problem of size. For example, with both sexes going for the same product, it is quite complicated to tell their sizes based on specifications such as medium size. The future is, however, bright for a genderless fashion. This can be noted from a few things that women and men share such as makeup (Mellery-Pratt). Picture A and B shows men dressed on women fashion. Those are some of the strategies called by Franà §ois-Henri Pinault, the chief executive who noted that there should be a change in the industry. Women have, for many decades dominated the fashion industry. The solution to Michele’s ailing industry is having both sexes on the runway. They should also have fashions with some similarities. As noted from the two pictures, the two men are dressed in women’s fashion. This is a change that has to go beyond the fashion industry to retail centres. Some fashion centres have tried the strategy of having women and men models. Saint Laurent is one that

Importance Of Self Reflection In Learning

Importance Of Self Reflection In Learning Abstract Self reflection is one of the important phases of learning. As a good designer, self reflection is essential in order to be a great graphic designer. The artwork that I had chosen is the school magazine cover design of SMJK Nan Hwa, Sitiawan that I had done during my internship at SIN BOON BENG PRINTING SDN BHD. SIN BOON BENG PRINTING SDN BHD is a printing company that provides a platform for people to have their own customization design for their own printing order especially the government education department like the primary schools, secondary schools, high schools, colleges and others. The theme of the school magazine cover for this year was to revise from the past and learn something new. The concept of the cover design is to design the cover that suits their theme. Besides, the client also wanted the oriental feel in the cover design mainly because of the identity of the school. In this essay, I will be evaluate and examine myself through this artwork. This essay will be focus ing on evaluating the influences on my design styles, design theories application, the design trends, appropriateness of the context, ethics and so on. Besides, I will also reflecting myself on the design works. I will explain the weaknesses and problems that I had faced in the design process. Each step of the design process will be explaining thoroughly in this essay. Introduction As a knowledgeable graphic design graduate without any personal reflection from time to time, is not compatible to be a great designer. Self reflection is a form of personal response to the experiences, situations, events or even the surroundings that happened around us. The reflective essay can be considered as a mirror that reflects our own personalities and the growth process in us. This is very crucial to everyone especially a designer like us. Reflective essay helps to find out our own personality, ability, design style and others. It can be considered as a processing phase where thinking and learning take place and it will help us to be a greater designer in the future. Therefore, the artwork chosen for this reflective essay is the school magazine cover design of SMJK Nan Hwa, Sitiawan for the year 2010. This artwork was produced during the fourteen weeks of internship at SIN BOON BENG PRINTING SDN BHD. As one of the member of SIN BOON BENG PRINTING SDN BHD, I was assigned to do the school magazine cover design for SMJK Nan Hwa, Sitiawan. This is one of the designs that I had given one hundred percent freedom in doing the design based on the clients requirements which means I did the design individually. Every time I start a design, I like to do some brainstorming and mind mapping for further idea generation. Since the school magazines theme is given by the school, I tried to find the denotative and connotative meaning of the theme. Besides, I also did some research on the layout design in order to do a better cover design for the school. I tried to refer to the resources of the company and also some previous design they had did for the school to gain some inspiration. Once I had done with the cover design, I showed it to my supervisor before it is shown to the client. I had done few designs for the school. The final artwork that had chosen is mainly because I was able to create the bond between the design and the theme. My supervisor and mentor had given me some comments for improvements during the design process. This assignment was actually quite challenging. This is because I need to think about the idea and concept all by myself. My supervisor and mentor just gave me some opinions and comments to improve my design. I was not given any guidance to do the design except the clients requirements. In this assignment, I had tried very hard to implement the knowledge that I had learnt in the university. After I did the design, the final artwork was email to the client and the client was quite satisfied about it. Scope of study This study focuses on evaluating and examines the reflecting process on my artwork. This report attempts to present a preview of developments and the involvement in the general area of design process development. Therefore it will address issues such as design methodologies, markets design trend, application of knowledge and others. The development process will be addressed through different features of case studies, design theories and methodologies in this essay. This study summarizes some of the information, as well as information from the previous artworks, in an attempt to illustrate the evolution of my design growing process. It reviews, as well, researches, knowledge and experiences that brought changes in my design career. Objectives/ Aims of essay Self reflection is a very important phase for everyone especially a young designer like me. It is highly beneficial to students development and provides a great value in students graduated life. Those students who are well equipped and managed to done well during this phase probably might have a great success in their career life. It also prepared us to face the real industry working environment and make us understand other strengths and weakness so that we can improve ourselves and prepared ourselves for a better future. Self reflective writing indirectly develops our critical thinking and making us to consider the comments or critics of our design so that we can improve about it. The objectives of self reflective essay are as followings: To provide us an opportunity to practice, evaluate and examine our knowledge in our learning process. Through self reflections, we are able to gain practical experience that is related to our course and yet enhance our basic skills that have been learnt in university through this self reflection session. Furthermore, through this self reflection session, we had a chance to implement what we have learned in the class and yet we are able to learn even more no matter in design sense or skills throughout this session. To equip ourselves. It is essential that every designer should cultivate self reflection in our design life so that our critical thinking, creativities and skills will be improved in the passage of time. Learning is a life-long process. Learning through our own mistakes and experiences even required more time and more difficulties because we need to evaluate ourselves and learn from our mistakes. It also helps to speed up the learning process of how our knowledge could be applied in the reality. To develop our critical thinking and enhance our creativities. Critical thinking is a mindset that is able to conceptualize, apply, analyze, synthesize, and/or evaluate information through observations, experiences, reflections, reasoning, or communications. Self reflections help to develop our critical thinking whereby we are able to process the information, comments or critics and accept it with ordinary mindset. We are able to accept every critic and listen to the comments around us. We are also able to analysis the comments and critics in order to improve ourselves for a better future. Rationale of essay The study of reflecting ourselves on the graphic design and multimedia field through previous artworks can be a learning paradigm in the higher level to enhance our knowledge and communication skills as well. This is not only basic education be learned by todays students but acquisition of learning skills and knowledge for gainful employment and full participation in countrys society. The essays goal is designed to help students improve academic competence, develop employability skills, implement a career plan and participate in a career pathway in preparation for post secondary education or careers in the graphic design and multimedia field after graduating. This goal can be achieved through the self reflection process that can guide and evaluate ourselves and try to learn from the mistakes. The output of this study is a source material that the teachers can assimilate and disseminate by diffusion and induction technique. Problem Statement In every design process, there are always many problems occurred during the design phase. I had several problems in designing the school magazine cover. The school had provided their own theme design in a circle shape and they requested to remain it. As the result, I had limited to do a circle design on the surrounding of the theme. As the logo design for the school theme is in white colour, I need to consider the suitable colours for the cover. Besides, the client requested to have the oriental feel on the cover and yet can bring up the theme. In order to solve the problems, I did a lot of research on the oriental at first. I also did the research on the theme of the school where it actually came from Confucius, to learn something new from the past.

An Economic Perspective of Religious Organizations Abstract Essay

An Economic Perspective of Religious Organizations Abstract In the process of studying religions, we often overlook the secular aspects of religious organizations. This paper examines the basic flows of money in different spiritual organizations, and attempts to correlate the types of income with the structure of the priestly hierarchy. This analysis is by no means comprehensive. In the end, more questions are raised than are answered. Introduction For all the mythological and sociological components of religion, religious organizations operate under the same restrictions as any other secular establishment. Religious organizations can be characterized as multi-generational institutions with distinct rights, privileges, and liabilities; the essential definition of a corporation. While the sources of income and the liabilities are substantially different from a standard company, an economic analysis of religious behavior allows us to compare religions in certain areas. The goal of this paper is to ignore the philosophy, and view religion with a purely economic perspective1. In this analysis of religious organizations, I will attempt to identify the sources of revenue for different religious organizations, explain different hierarchies, and attempt to draw some conclusions of the interactions of money and organization. This topic is expansive, and as such I will often simplify or identify further fields of research, rather than getting too off topic. In the end, I hope to provide a basic understanding of the complexities of religious finance. Revenue The single most important economic means of distinguishing religions is through the source of money. Adam Smith, in his seminal work The Wealth o... ...pter inspired the idea of this paper. Raines, John. Marx on Religion. Temple Univ. Press. 2002 -A primer on Marx’s various writings on religion; a rather condensed work. Marx had some rather complex ideas, and his writing is given to misleading quotes, which is why I do not quote his work. (Author Unknown) â€Å"Evaluation the Evidence: Religious Economies and Sacred Canopies.† American Sociological Review 54 1989 -Sociology papers are difficult for an outsider to read (to say the least), but this paper deals with the topic in a sufficiently interesting manner to merit its mention. Hardin, Russell. "The Economics of Religious Belief and Practice" Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics. 1997. -A basic analysis of (western) religions and their finances. Useful article, and written in a language that I can understand (thanks to a minor in economics).

Nestle Essay

Nestle – The Infant Formula Incident Summary of Case and Results In response to a pamphlet entitled â€Å"Nestle Kills Babies,† published in 1974 by the Swiss consumer/activist group, Arbeitsgruppe Dritte Welt, Nestle Alimentana filed a four-count libel suit against members of the organization. The pamphlet was a reprint of an earlier one entitled â€Å"Bottled Babies,† published by a similar British group. Both alleged that false advertising had prompted mothers in LDCs to use infant formula instead of breast feeding, and consequently caused the deaths of thousands of children. However, the original pamphlet had not mentioned Nestle or any of the other companies by name, and thus did not raise the issue of libel. Three of the charges, which Nestle subsequently withdrew, related to allegations made in the pamphlet about Nestle’s promotional methods in LDCs. The fourth charge, which led to a judgment against thirteen members of the group in June 1976, focused on the defamatory title â€Å"Nestle Kills Babies. † In his decision, the judge stated that the cause behind the injuries and deaths was not Nestle’s products; rather, it was the unhygienic way they were prepared by end-users. Although Nestle won its case, the firm’s victory was diluted by (1) having to pay one third of the court costs and (2) being told by the judge to change its marketing methods to prevent further misuse of its products. The defendants were ordered to pay $120 each in damages to Nestle and two thirds of court costs. Suggestions Companies selling consumable products (foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals) to LDCs have long recognized the need to adapt their promotional techniques to their consumers who are, by and large, poor and illiterate. In recent years, one particular group of food producers—those firms making infant formula and other milk products—has come under severe attack by various religious, consumer and governmental organizations. Criticism focuses on two issues: (1) that companies allegedly use false advertising to induce mothers to substitute formula for their own milk, and (2) that firms are directly responsible when misuse of their products results in illness or death. The assault was dramatized in the recent Swiss case involving Nestle Alimentana. The responses of milk product manufacturers have ranged from writing corporate policies on LDC marketing to organizing industry councils and holding meetings with pressure groups. But most significantly, companies have altered marketing practices in ways that other firms making consumable items should find instructive. These changes include Tightening up direct selling methods. A common practice is to have â€Å"mother-craft nurses,†Ã¢â‚¬â€local women who may be nurses, dietitians or midwives—visit clinics and homes to encourage doctors and consumers to use infant formula. Critics charge that these women are often unqualified to speak on nutrition and that they distort facts to make formula feeding more attractive than breast feeding. As a result, many firms now forbid representatives from discouraging breast feeding and demand that they go to clinics and homes only if invited or sent by a family doctor. Stressing nutritional training. Firms are improving the nutritional instruction given to representatives. In addition, promoters are providing consumers with educational presentations, including seminars, films and brochures. Such training not only combats misuse of products, but also benefits the manufacturer. For example, one corporation whose sales representatives in Indonesia conducted local demonstration on uses of a condensed-milk product found that the presentations accomplished several aims: (1) alerted the representative to problems people had in preparing and using the product, (2) served as a rough test market for the product and (3) helped to bolster the firm’s image. Controlling distributors’ promotional activities. Manufacturers selling milk products through distributors have often given them free rein over local advertising. Some corporate executives worry about becoming too closely associated with distributors’ advertising, fearing possible liability for erroneous claims made by distributors. However, such liability would be difficult to avoid in any situation involving a company’s trademarks and products. A few firms, recognizing this, are currently monitoring all new promotional campaigns of distributors. Curtailing mass media advertising. Several corporations that formerly advertised infant formula on TV, radio, billboards and newspapers are now relying solely on sales representatives. Improving labeling and directions for use. Developing promotional/instructional materials to help low-literacy users. The International Council of Infant Food Industries, formed in 1975, is studying ways to improve communication methods for use in areas of high illiteracy. Possibilities include cartoons, pictures, radio programs and even sound trucks. (Use of new informational materials would be subject to approval of local authorities. ) Price of Social Responsibility For some firms, the cost of maintaining ethical standards is high. One large food company actually closed down its milk-processing plant in Pakistan because pasteurization laws were not being enforced, and local firms selling unpasteurized milk were gaining a competitive edge. Additionally, the quality of the firm’s product was tarnished by local consumers who frequently diluted the milk with polluted stream water to â€Å"stretch† it for their own use or for resale. In light of these problems, and others—such as the high cost of marketing and training, and the relatively low sales volume—some companies have contemplated withdrawing these products from LDC markets. However, the market potential for milk products in these countries is strong because of increasing populations and rising standards of living. In addition, the growing role of women in the labor force is creating a greater need for infant formulas. Thus, it appears that firms will remain in these markets. Every 30 seconds a baby dies from unsafe bottle feeding, that’s is approximately 1. 5 million babies a year, this is because formula milk companies provide free powder milk to mothers while in hospital in third world countries ensuring that babies are routinely bottle-fed and not breastfed. As a result babies become dependent on artificial milk. Despite the number of deaths formula milk companies continue to promote artificial feeding in ways that undermine breastfeeding. Nestle made a profit of ? 2. 7 billion year 2007 from selling baby formula milk. In third world countries bottle feeding is dangerous due to unsafe water supplies and difficulties with keeping bottles sterile. Cost is also a problem, once out of hospital the milk is no longer free. Costing families up to 50% of their weekly income, due to high costs, milk mixtures are over diluted and mothers buy cheaper, bad quality formula milk instead. This means the baby is inadequately fed leading to malnutrition, diarrhea and often death. Formula milk companies make profit by exploiting vulnerable mothers.

Unicorns Are Real After All

Unicorns Are Real After All The Lavada Johnston Story â€Å"I just don’t understand how people can go through with one-night stands, I just can’t do it. † I just sat there for a little while in silent disbelief. I was trying to decide whether or not I should take offense to the statement or not. Before I could formulate my response, my friend Lavada said, â€Å"No offense to you, or anyone else, I just don’t get it. † Throughout my life, I thought I had encountered pretty much every type of person, and I could’ve sworn that I had my generation completely pegged. However, since meeting Lavada Johnston, my iron-clad definition of people my age has been greatly disproven. I first met Lavada, in my Stage Crafting class. Because it was the beginning of the semester, I didn’t really know any of the other theater students just yet. But for some reason, I felt drawn to her. She had a very intriguing look about her. She had a curvaceous and voluptuous body type. Her hair was jet black, nails painted black, black eye make-up, and a lip ring. My first impression was that she was either of the gothic or emo persuasion, but she didn’t exactly have the particularly â€Å"dark† quality that most gothic/emo people I’ve met possess. She had sort of a quirkiness about her that didn’t seem intimidating. In fact, it was pretty much very inviting. I consider myself a pretty good judge of character, so I decided to befriend her. To my surprise, it didn’t take long at all for us to develop a rather strong friendship with each other. The more I hung around her, the more interesting she became to me, and still does now. She sometimes seems sort of reserved and maybe even shy sometimes, but all of that goes out of the window when she is comfortable. She is full of life, a vibrant fun loving college student. When I found out that her natural hair color is actually blonde, I wasn’t even surprised. In fact, once I thought about it, it really suits her, and her personality. Like myself, Lavada is a theater major. She wants to pursue musical theater, but for some reason, she is shy about singing. This is something I didn’t understand considering she has an amazing singing, and perfect for the theater. Her musical interests are also something that caused us to spark such a quick friendship. Turns out we are both Family Force 5 fanatics, although Lavada may be border lining obsession. All of the things I’ve mentioned about her are all things I find very interesting about her. But there is one particular reason that piqued my interest enough to really cause me to press even further into her life and to explore her outlook on the world around her. One day after grabbing lunch in the union, Lavada and I were walking together, seeing how my dorm was in the same direction as hers. We had what eventually became a very serious discussion. I’ll never forget my mixture of surprise and disbelief when I found out Lavada’s secret. I’m not exactly sure how we got on this topic of conversation, but somehow we ended up discussing sex. However, it’s not like it’s uncommon for college students to talk about sex. In fact, what college student hasn’t had sex before, right? Wrong. I still can hear the words as clear as a bell in my head, â€Å"Scottie, I’m a virgin. † When she told me this, there was no way I could hide the shocked expression plastered all over my face. It took me a while to even gather that she was serious. Lavada Johnston is a twenty-one year old college student, who has never had sex. Part of me felt guilty for being so surprised by this confession. I mean, it’s not like it’s a bad thing or anything like that. It was just, I’ve never known such a person to resist. But then I decided that I must be missing something here. Maybe I should read the fine print, I thought. But as I pressed further into Lavada and her sexual activity, the more I believed her. I said to myself there has to be some technicalities or something because you can’t just go your entire life without having sex, unless you’re one of those insanely religious people or something. Seeing how Lavada wasn’t anywhere near being a religious type person, my curiosity was piqued even further. For lack of a better one, my first question was simply, â€Å"Why? Lavada looked around, gave an innocent but rather vacant expression, flailed her hands up and said, â€Å"I don’t know. † By this point, I began to seriously pester her and express my whole-hearted awe in her confession. Over and over again, Lavada gave me not one excuse or reason as to why she had never had sex. Everything she said was enough to cause the average girl to have the occasional â₠¬Å"I hate boys† syndrome, but never is it enough to hold back the raging hormones we’re faced with at this age. Or so I thought. I decided to have an official interview with Lavada, in which I would be determined to find the answers I was looking for. Lavada Johnston was born in Winona, Mississippi and then later moved to Eupora, Mississippi, which is where she stills whenever school isn’t in session. She attended Montgomery High School in Kilmichael, where she graduated in the year 2007. Throughout her school days, Lavada seemed to be the classic headstrong rebel type of girl who got into plenty of trouble for fighting. Her family moved around a lot, so she never stayed in one place for long. This made it really hard for her to develop a strong circle of friends. Therefore, she turned to books. She loves to read. She was one of those Harry Potter type kids, into mythical creatures, magic, vampires, you know, the whole nine yards. As far as music goes, aside from Family Force 5, she is pretty much hard rock oriented. I asked her why she chose to come to Ole Miss. She responded with a very straight forward answer. â€Å"It was either here, or Mississippi State, but if I had gone to state, I know I would’ve gotten into too many fights. I simply laughed and nodded in agreement at my friend. It is safe to say, that since coming to college, she has finally found steady friends, which of course she loves because she hasn’t ever really had that before. I of course was and still am both grateful and happy to be a friend to her. The more I hang around Lavada, the more I see the kind of person she is. There is no denying that is sweet and kind to any everyone. I obser ved that she has a hard to saying no to people, even if she wants to. In my opinion, Lavada possesses something that is rare in our generation. And I don’t mean her virginity. Although, I do believe that it truly reflects the kind of person she really is. She’s someone who isn’t concerned with impressing others. The fact that she has yet to swipe her â€Å"V- card† speaks volumes about her values and the standards that she holds for herself. She is kind, fun-loving, and seems to sincerely care about her fellow human-being in a way that is apparent in her everyday life. I truly wish more people our age would take a lesson from Lavada, and maybe we could all make a change for the better.